analyses Kotter’s change management theory: its background, assumptions, characteristics, and other essential aspects.

Kotter’s Change Model in Healthcare: Background

Kotter’s change management theory can be described as a middle-range theory, as it is used to describe and predict the change process. This theory can also be tested empirically, which distinguishes it from grand theories. Kotter’s model is not specific to nursing and can be utilized in various settings and organizations. According to Kotter’s theory, the change implementation process consists of 8 distinctive steps (Small et al., 2016):

1. Create a sense of urgency;

2. Form a guiding coalition;

3. Create a vision;

4. Communicate the vision;

5. Empower employees to act on the vision;

6. Create quick wins;

7. Build on the change;

8. Institutionalize the change.

The primary goal of the model is to help leaders implement the change by transforming organizational culture and motivating employees to contribute to quality improvement. By engaging employees in the process, Kotter’s theory can help to ensure acceptance of change, thus increasing the chances of success.

Kotter’s Change Model in Nursing: Assumptions

Kotter’s change management theory rests on several main assumptions. Firstly, the author assumes that the change process consists of multiple phases, each requiring different leadership and management actions. This assumption is at the foundation of the theory, as it affects the structure of Kotter’s model. Secondly, the theory presumes that the success of a change depends on whether or not it is accepted by people in the organization (Rajan & Ganesan, 2017). The theory also accepts that employee empowerment and motivation directly impact the success of change implementation.

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Kotter’s approach to change involves transforming organizational culture, vision, and strategy while enhancing employee motivation to ensure the change is accepted. Hence, the final assumption made by the author is that organizational culture influences quality. Many of these assumptions were based on research, as studies show a positive correlation between change acceptance, organizational culture, employee motivation, and the success of a change initiative.

Change Management Theory: Characteristics

The theory of change proposed by Kotter has four key characteristics. First, it represents change as a series of stages, depending on the actions that need to be taken. The theory is also oriented toward leaders and management, as it argues that change begins at the higher levels of the organization. Another essential characteristic of the model is that it is focused on motivation and strategic success. This feature enables leaders to fit the change into the company’s strategic goals, thus increasing the probability of success. Lastly, Kotter’s theory provides sufficient organizational support for the change process by engaging employees from various levels of the hierarchy in the implementation.

Key Concepts and Relationships of Kotter’s Change Model

There are six key concepts involved in Kotter’s change management theory: urgency, motivation, vision, strategy, short-term wins, and organizational culture. All of these concepts are interrelated and have a positive effect on the change process. For instance, a sense of urgency, created in the first step of the change process, includes motivation, which, in turn, increases employees’ contribution to change implementation. Vision and strategy are also connected to organizational culture and motivation since they help to foster employee engagement and set clear goals for the company. Short-term or quick wins are created during the seventh stage of the change program. Short-term wins are necessary because they create a feeling of success, which, in turn, provides empowerment and improves acceptance of the change. According to Rajan and Ganesan (2017), “It is essential for the leaders to show [employee] that change being implemented is beneficial with tangible and quick results for [employees] to visualize the larger picture” (p. 194). Therefore, the success of a change initiative relies on the relationships between the key concepts of Kotter’s theory.

Examples of Application

The proposed change management theory has been applied in various areas of nursing practice to assist in quality improvement. For instance, Small et al. (2016) studied the use of the model for implementing bed